The possessive with s

The possessive with s
• To indicate possession for people or animals:
  a) in the singular, add 's:
    Budi's bike
    Ucup's friend
    The dog's food
b) for plurals ending in s, just add ':
    The boys' mother
    My parents' house
    The ladies' hats
c) for other plurals, add 's:
   The children's friends
   The women's cars
   Note: It's = It is. The possessive of it is its:
   It's cold today.
  

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Possessive disini menyatakan Milik
Possessive adjectives
 <my,  your,  his,  her,  its, our,  your,  their>
Possessive pronouns
<mine,  yours,  his,  hers,  - ours,  yours, theirs>
• The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun:
   It's my car.
   That's his mother.
   This is our house.
• The possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun:
   This is mine.
   Give it to Peter: it's his.
   The money is ours.

Comparison : Superlatives

Superlatives

Jika kita akan menyatakan sesuatu yang paling dalam suatu perbandingan, maka kita menggunakan konteks Superlative.
• Adjectives with one syllable add est:
   great —• greatest; small --> smallest; old —> oldest

• Adjectives with two syllables use most:
   careful --> most careful; patient --> most patient
But two syllable adjectives ending in er, y or oxv, add est:
clever —> cleverest; happy --> happiest; pretty --> prettiest (y changes to i);
narrow --> narrowest
• Adjectives with three syllables or more use most:
   expensive —> most expensive; dangerous --> most dangerous;
   comfortable —> most comfortable

Note: The irregulars:
bad --> worst
good —> best
little --> least

USE
Superlatives are used to compare one thing with several others.
They are used with the ... in, or the ... of; sometimes they are used with
just the ....
This is the longest river in the world.
This is the most expensive car of them all.
This is the most expensive car here.

as........as < equal comparison>

as... as
• To say that two things or people are the same or equal:
   My son is as tall as you.
• To say that two things or people are not the same or equal:
   The second half of the football match was not as exciting as the first half.

Practice
Complete these sentences, using the adjectives in the box.

• boring,  comfortable,  dangerous,  deep,  difficult, feet,  independent,  old,  relaxing,  valuable.

1 This summer is not as .hot.. as last summer.
2 I hope his new book is not as .boring...as his last one.
3 She was afraid of flying, but I told her it's not as........... as
    traveling by car.
4 Don't worry. The river isn't as......... as it looks.
5 Silver isn't as.......... as gold.
6 Dogs aren't as.......... as cats.
7 Our new car is very fast, but it's not as.......... as the old one.
8 Do you think French is as .............to learn as English?
9 Were you really born in 1980? I didn't realise you were as...........as me.
10 For me, lying on the beach is not as ..............as walking in
     the mountains

Comparatives

Comparatives

Cara membandingkan atau Comparison sesuatu 

•  Adjectives with one syllable (tall, great, short, etc.) add er:

           tall —>taller; great —> greater; short —> shorter

• Adjectives that end with e just add r: wide -+ wider

          a) If the word ends in one vowel + consonant, double the consonant:
              thin —• thinner; hot --> hotter; big —• bigger
          b] If the word ends in two vowels + consonant, do not double the consonant:
               great —> greater; poor --> poorer
          c] If the word ends in e, just add r:
              large —> larger
         d) Note the irregulars:
             good —> better; bad —> worse

• Adjectives with three syllables or more (comfortable, beautiful, expensive, etc.)
add more:
comfortable —• more comfortable; beautiful —• more beautiful;
expensive —> more expensive
• When making comparisons, use than:
   Mary's taller than John.
   John's shorter than Mary.
   The big television's more expensive than the small one.
   This chair's more comfortable than that one

Something, Anything; Someone, Anyone (or somebody, anybody)

Positive
There's someone at the door.
I've got something to tell you.

Negative
I didn't know anyone at the party.
We didn't have anything to drink.

Question
Did you meet anyone at the club?
Do you know anything about this place?

Note: 
Can I have ...?, Would you like ...? + something, someone:
Would you tike something to eat? < Offers>
Can I have something to drink?

Practice
Underline the correct word in each sentence.
1 Is there {something, Anything) to eat in the fridge?
2 There's {something/anything) about your friend Alec in the paper.
3 I met [someone/anyone) from your office last night.
4 I called at their house but there wasn't {someone/anyone) in.
5 Do you know {someone/anyone) in this street?

some and any

some and any

Penggunaan Some dan Any

• some is used in positive sentences
a) with plural countable nouns:
    Some people arrived.
    I'd like a loaf and some eggs, please.
b] with uncountable nouns
    :I bought some milk.
     I'd like some water, please.
• any is used like some, but in negative sentences and questions
a) with plural countable nouns:
   Did you meet, any friends in town?
   I didn't buy any eggs.
b) with uncountable nouns:
   Did you buy any milk?
   I didn't have any water.
• No is also used to mean not any, but with a positive verb form:
   There were no eggs in the market.
   I had no water.
• some is used in offers: < di gunakan untuk menawarkan sesuatu>
   Would you like some coffee?
   Would you like some tea?

Nouns: Singular and plural

Singular and plural
cara mudah membedakan Singular dan Plural Nouns

• To make a singular noun plural, add s:
brother —> brothers; car —> cars; house —> houses

Notes
• If the word ends in ch, sh, x, or s, add es.
match —> matches; box —> boxes
• If the word ends in y, change to ies:
baby —> babies; lady —> ladies
• Remember the common irregular plurals:
men, women, children, people, teeth, feet

Sekarang kita coba untuk latihan, untuk mengubah noun berikut menjadi bentuk Plural
Practice
Write the plurals
brother:
sister:
match:
key:
camera:
church:
teacher:
garden:
sandwich:
door:
lady:
gentleman:
tooth:
restaurant:
house:
woman:
box:
baby:
person:
man:
child:
secretary:
student:
bus:
cinema:
foot:
boy:
table:
window:
banana:

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns

• myself
• yourself
•  himself 
• herself 
• itself
• ourselves 
• yourselves 
• themselves

• The object is the same person or thing as the subject:
Example:

1 cut myself when I was cooking.
The kettle will switch itself off automatically.

Practice
Write the correct reflexive pronouns for these sentences.
1 I like to wake ..myselff.. up in the morning with a cup of coffee.
2 Thanks for a great party - we really enjoyed . ourselves.. .
3 I hate watching .................. on video
4 I'm sorry, Tony, but I haven't got enough money to pay for you. Can you pay for........... .?
5 After his accident, Philip drove ................. to the hospital

Pronouns: Subject and object pronouns

Macam- macam pronoun, dimana sebagai subject dan Object

 Subject pronouns 
<I,  you,  he,  she,  it,  we,  you,  they>

Object pronouns
<me,  you,  him,  her,  it,  us,  you,  them>


• The subject is the person or thing doing the action:/ left early.
She went home.
We said goodbye.

• The object is the person or thing receiving the action:
She telephoned me.
I hit him.
We saw her.

INVITATION

INVITATION

Di sini kita membahas cara atau ekspresi untuk sebuah undangan / ajakan, dalam lingkup formal dan informal

1. if we want to invite someone:

·        Would you like to come to my house to have a party?

·        I would like you to………

·        How about coming to…….

·        We would be pleased if you could…….

2. To accept an invitation:
• Thank you
• All right
• Ok
• Yes I would. Thanks
• That would be very nice. Thank you
• I’d love to. Thanks.
3. To refuse/ decline an invitation:

·        I’d love to but I’m sorry, I cant.

·        That’s nice. However…..

·        That’s great unfortunately……..

·        That’s very kind of you, but……

·        Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

Example:

Sule: We’d like to invite you and your wife for dinner this Saturday evening. Would you like be able to come jim?

Jim: this Saturday evening? oh, I’m sorry, I have a plan to go out of town until Sunday Evening.

Sule: that’s okay. How about you ajiz? Would you like to come to the dinner?

Ajis: yes. I’d love to.

Sule: We hope you’ll be able to join us.

Ajis: thank you for the invitation. We’d be very happy to come.

Sule: Good

Ajis: What time should we come?

Sule: How about 07.00?

Ajis: 07.00? Fine. We’ll be looking forward to it.

INTRODUCTION - How to Introduce yourself

INTRODUCTION 

 Di sini akan sedikit membahas bagaimana cara untuk Memperkenalkan diri kita dalam lingkup Formal maupun tidak Formal.

How to introduce your self         = formal/informal

How to introduce someone else  = formal/informal

Greeting/ kinds of greeting          = formal/informal

Introduce yourself

Formal:

• I would like to introduce my self, my name is………….
• I’d like to introduce my self, my name is…………….
• Let me to introduce my self, my name is…………

Informal:

• Hi, my name is….
• Hello, my name is………

Selanjutnya Kita akan mencoba bagaimana cara memperkenalkan orang lain , dalam lingkup formal maupun tidak formal.

Introduce someone else:

Formal:

• I would like to introduce my friend to you, this is………..
• Let me to introduce you to……

Example:

John       : I would like to introduce you to mr.smith, Mr.smith this is anna……

Mr.smith: Nice to see you. I am Smith, Nicholas smith

Anna      : Nice to see you too

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT - Explanation and Example

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Social function      :  to describe person, place, or things

Generic structures :  Identification, Description

Grammatical         :  simple present tense

Example:

My Nice Student in My Class

          I have a lot of student in my class. One of them is John. He is nice student for me.
         John is 16 years old. He has tall enough and looks healthy. John has short or little bit bald. He is 170 cm height. His skin is tanned. His eyes are round black eyes. He has pointed nose. Because he is kind and clever, many female students want to be his girlfriend. But he is too shy to have relationship with a girl.

dari Contoh teks di atas bisa di jelaskan bahwa Paragraph pertama yaitu Identification dan Paragraph kedua yaitu Description

Character of Descriptive text

• The Use of Simple Present Tense (Penggunaan Simple Present Tense)

• Focus on Specific Participant (Fokus kepada Hal / orang / tempat secara khusus)

Nouns - Kinds and function

Nouns

1. Kinds and function
1. Ada 4 jenis dari Noun:

·        Common nouns         : dog, man, table

·        Proper nouns             : France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom

·        Abstract Nouns         : Beauty, Charity, fear, joy

·        Collective Nouns       : crowd, flock, group, swarm, team

2. Noun dapat berfungsi sebagai:

·        The Subject of a verb: Sule arrived

·        The Complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Sule is an actor

·        The object of a verb: I saw Sule

·        The object of a preposition: I spoke to Sule

·        A noun can also be in the possessive case: Sule’s book

2. Gender

·                    Masculine: men, boys and male Animals ( Pronoun he/ they)

·                    Feminine: women, girls and female animals( Pronouns she/ they)

·                    Neuter: inanimate things, animals who sex we don’t know and sometimes  baby who sex we don’t know ( pronoun it/ they)

Article The ( the definite Article)

The ( the definite Article)

A.     Form

The is same for singular and plural and for all genders

Example:

The boy

The boys

The day

The days

B.     Use

The definite article is used:

1.      jika sebuah objek tersebut unik atau satu- satunya

Example:

The earth

The sea

The sky

The equator

2.      menyatakan sebuah object yang kita kenal atau atau suatu pengetahuan umum.

Example:

The boy in the corner is my friend < jadi saya kenal laki- laki tersebut>

The earth is round < hanya ada satu earth atau bumi dan sudah menjadi pengetahuan umum jika bumi berputar>

3.      mengikuti non_ count nouns, jika the mengikuti non-count nouns dan dalam pembicaraan yang spesifik.

Example:

The sugar on the table is from Indonesia

< Spesifik – The sugar that is on the table>

The tidak bisa di gunhakan atau mengikuti noun- count nouns jika dalam konteks general.

Example:

Sugar is sweet

< General ----  All sugar>

4.      Umumnya kata- kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner, school, church, home, college, dan kerja tidak menggunakan tambahan Artikel apapun kecuali ada arti lebih specific.

            Example:

            We ate breakfast at eight o’clock this morning

            We went to school yesterday

Use THE with:

·        Oceans, rivers, gulfs, plural lakes

Example:

The Red Sea, The Atlantic Ocean, The Persian Gulf, The Greats Lakes

·        Mountains

Example:

The Rocky Mountains, The Andes

·        Earth, Moon

The Earth, The Moon

·        Schools, Colleges, Universities when the phrase begins with school, etc

Example:

The University of Florida, The college of Arts and Sciences

·        Ordinal numbers before nouns

Example:

The first world war, The third chapter

·        Certain Countries of Groups of

Example:

The United States, The United Kingdom, The Central African Republic

                        Don’t Use THE with:

·        Singular Lakes

Example:

Lake Geneva, Lake Eric

·        Mounts

Example:

Mount McKinley

·        Schools, colleges, University when the phrase begin with the proper noun

Example:

Kasatrian College, Stetson University

·        Cardinal numbers after noun

Example:

World war one, chapter three

·        Countries preceded by New or an adjective such as a Directions

Example:

New Zealand, North Korea, 

·        Continents

Example:

 Europe, Africa, South America

·        States

Example:

Florida, California, Ohio

·        Sports

Example:

Baseball, Basketball

·        Holidays

Example:

Christmas, Thanksgiving.

    

Article ; a/ an ( undefinite Article)

Articles

1. a/ an ( the indefinite Article)
            the form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound.

Jadi, Article <a> itu mengikuti kata yang berawalan huruf konsonan atau huruf voal yang pengucapannya konsonan, seperti contoh:

            a man

            a hat

a University ( dalam pengucapannya “ Yunivesity”)

a European ( dalam pengucapannya “yurepean”)

            The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel ( a, i, u, e, o) or words beginning with a mute h.

Jadi, Article <an> itu mengikuti kata yang berawalan huruf vocal ( a, i, u, e, o) atau kata dengan huruf awalan h tapi dalam pengucapannya huruf h tersebut hilang, seperti contoh:

            an apple

            an egg

            an island

            an hour ( dalam pengucapannya “our” dengan huruf “h” di hilangkan)

a/ an is the same for all genders:

            an actress

            a man

            a woman

2. Use of a/ an

A.     Before a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time and represent no particular person or thing:

Example:

           I need a visa

           They live in a flat

B.     Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:

Examples:

            A car must be insured=

 All cars/ any car must be insured

A child needs love=

All children need/ any child needs love

C.     With a noun complement. This includes names of professions:

Example:

           She will be a dancer

           She is a doctor

           I am a teacher

Jadi, bisa mengikuti kata sebuah profesi.

D.     In certain expression of quantity

Exzmple:

            a lot of

            a great many

            a dozen

            a couple

     Jadi, bisa mengikuti ukuran sebuah kuantitas.

E.      In expression of price, speed, ratio and etc

Example:

            $1 a meter

            Sixty kilometers an hour

            Four times a day

Jadi, bisa mengikuti atau di gunakan untuk expresi harga, kecepatan, dan perputaran.

F.      a can be placed before Mr/ Mrs/ Mis + surename.

Example:

            a Mr Sule

            a Mrs Sule

            a Miss Sule

Jadi, a Mr Sule berarti ‘ a man called Sule’ dan ini menandakan bahwa Mr sule itu orang asing atau kita tidak kenal atau belum kenal Mr Sule. Dan jika Mr Sule tanpa <a>, itu menandakan bahwa kita mengenal atau tahu tentang siapa itu Mr Sule.

3. Omission of a/ an

            a/ an harus di hilangkan jika:

A.     Mengikuti Plural Noun

a/ an tidak punya bentuk Plural, jadi jika a dog bentuk pluralnya Dogs dan an egg bentuk pluralnya Eggs.

B.     Mengikuti Uncountable nouns / Benda yang tidak dapat di hitung

Example : water, sugar, salt, hair, air and ext…….

C.     Mengikuti waktu makan ( breakfast, lunch, diner ), kecuali jika sebelumnya di ikuti oleh adjective ( kata sifat)

Example:

            We have breakfast at seven

            We have a good  breakfast